The Depression

Impacts of improvement on evidence-based quality on depression in the primary case are a randomized experiment study, which is done to evaluate the evidence-based quality improvement impacts on depression care of practice-wide and the outcomes. The risk involved and identified in the study is depression in patient, where rectifying the situation is ineffective, in case of the clinical guidelines dissemination, with or without additional education of the clinician.

The current process of performance was determined by the appropriate treatment in case of depression, which involves psychotherapy or anti-depressants, which helps in improving the outcomes. The process involves seeking evidence outside of the process of care, rather than finding solutions and problems within the setting of individual practice. The focus of the process was based on increasing the appropriate treatment of depressing and using models of evidence based care, where the incorporation of behavioral change strategies of effective provider was given a clear focus.

The alternative for depression improvement implementation considered in the study involves the use of depression new care models, which change the structure of practice in facilitating the high quality care. These models are relatively affordable and cost effective. The implementation requires organizational change, which is significant in health care practices and systems. Practices, self-implement and self-design depression care models, which were improved using an approach of continuous quality improvement, hence, gaining an impact that was perceptible on the outcome of depression related practices.

Implementing new models of depression care widely, after an organizational change, improves the national performance for depression. In the implementation of the models, methods of continuous quality improvement are needed to help practices and organizations to self-design and improve the implementation. The prioritization of improving the assessment of clinician on depression issues accounted for the improvement recognized in patients’ participation.

According to the study results, the satisfaction and social functioning with care participation, showed a low level effect towards the improvement of depression outcomes. Close monitoring of theses practices can improve the outcome of depression. They can be achieved through clinician and patient education, even in the absence of care management that supports direct completion of key treatments for depression. (Rubenstein, 2006)

Skills of internal medicine residents in dissolving medical errors is a study that used standardized patients to determine the ability of internal medicine residents, to disclose an error in the medical field. The study was carried out to determine the ability to survey the experience of disclosure in residents.

According to the study, many countries chose a method of performance, where they establish legislation or practice standards, in mandating disclosure through the guidelines. This helps in advising on the components of errors, which involve the facts, statements, ongoing patients care information, regret or sympathy expression, investigative process overview that will occur, question time, future meetings offer, support offer and a plan of follow-up. Inclusion of medical error disclosure in safe practices of a country is also a timely way and process to the performance implementation.

The risk identified in the study is in the lack of disclosure of errors to the patients. The study associated the rise of the risk with lacks of training, on how to talk about errors with the patients. Despite the problem of medical errors starting in training, it is difficult for preceptors and teachers to respond to the trainees’ errors, because they may also not have been trained on how to respond to such issues. Another risk identified on the study is that some residents do not think that error disclosure to patients is significant, nor do they consider the medical error prevention at all.

A selected alternative to implement the disclosure of medical errors, as included in the study, is discussing the issue with the patient concerned or the family of the patient. In case of a serious error, a discussion with the attending physician is vital in the care of the patient. The other alternative to attend the risk is by training the residents in preparation for such difficult situations, in order to provide skills that can be used through out their careers. Residents should also be aware of resources in the hospitals, which help in disclosure, in order to equip them with knowledge and skills. There is also a need to implement disclosure curricula in the effectiveness of resident’s studies.

In implementing the process of performance, the residents need to explain the medical facts to their patients regarding the errors, learn to be truthful and honest, be empathetic on the situation, understand the explanation for the steps that need to be taken to prevent the errors in the future and develop general skills of communication.

In monitoring the effectiveness of error disclosure, the attending physician also need to get training in order to improve on their own comfort and skills in error disclosure and management, so that they could help in monitoring the residents. Numerous error disclosure tool kits need to be incorporated in the education of residents. Studying the error disclosure of patients is also crucial in monitoring the doctors who are receiving trainings. (Stroud, McIlroy, & Levinson, 2009)

Implementation and evaluation of a nursing home-fall management program, is a study that was done to help in examining the quality improvement implementation, in nursing homes in relation to organizational culture association and the pressure it has on the care of pressure ulcer. The problem identified with the study is the degree to which quality improvement was implemented in nursery homes. The effectiveness of implementing the quality improvement mainly was characterized by limited organizational capacity and trained stuff.

The method of performance that increased the quality improvement implementation was based on emphasize of innovation, team work and risk taking. Research shows that the implementation was greater in veteran affairs nursing homes, which used the underlying culture which focused on promoting innovation. The organizational cultures, norms and beliefs that shape its’ behavior are the key determinants of the quality improvement implementation. They promote the decision-making that is shared, and emphasize productivity planning, and innovation and rules and regulations.

The other alternative method selected to improve the quality improvement implementation according to the study, is employees and stuff getting satisfied with their jobs, because the satisfaction helps them report clinical guidelines on the pressure ulcer adoption more likely. The satisfaction also helps them believe in their provision for better care. This is as a result of statements that are systematically developed in assisting patients and practitioners’ decision for circumstances about health care, which is appropriate. A considered alternative to the task of care improvement in the nursing homes, as identified in the study, is to apply the control principles of industrial quality in an increased manner. This is associated with the adoption of guidelines and best practice performance.

The implementation of quality improvement is based on the emphases of developing a wide range of a structured approach on the organization, in order to understand and improve the processes of the underlying work. This encourages staff to develop practices that are innovative in improving care. The implementation is associated with perception of management in improving the human resource development, through retaining and recruiting staff, the commitment to the nursing homes and the satisfaction of the nursing staff.

The quality improvement implementation in the nursing homes is performed through quality service improvement, leadership, quality planning that is strategic, analysis of information, human resource management and process quality management. (Rask K, 2007)

Residents and attending physicians’ handoffs are conducted to study the quality improvement and effectiveness of handoffs implementation. Communication is a vital factor in any medical field, because its’ effectiveness is central to quality and patients safety. In reducing the medical errors, adequate communication is required whether it is within a patient or between the nurses and physicians.

The biggest problem identified in the study is the medical errors arising across practitioners and their settings, due to the lack of effective communication. The topic was chosen to identify communication as a barrier and develop a strategy to the problem, and identifying handoffs’ features, which have been effective, in order to reduce the malpractice issues.

Listening is also identified as another risk of the handoff barriers. Social hierarchy barrier also constitutes in the study on the barriers hindering effective handoffs, where relational barriers of communication are a serious hindrance, and residents are not likely to hand off work to residents who are more senior, because of the reliance that is rigid on the norms of research, and that prohibit such behavior. This brought up the adequate need in the study for addressing issues of handoff beyond protocols, training and structure. The essentials required are unwritten rules that govern patient responsibilities’ handoffs, as well as hierarchy and complex social structures understanding, in which attending physicians and residents work.

According to Sutcliffe et al, through semi- structured interviews that he conducted with residents, ninety one percent of around seventy medical mishaps recalled, contained failures in communication. Transferring of patients care from a health care practitioner to another resulted from communication failure. These handoffs end up being remarkably haphazard, if information about the client or patient is not communicated in a well consistent manner.

The handoffs mainly increased in emergency settings like in surgical where a lot of errors in malpractice were recorded. The errors arose due to the loss of vital care information on a patient during the shift changes. The patient safety would be increased when the handoffs get improved to reduce the medical mishaps.

The handoffs also increased from reduced resident duty hours and the inclusion of night shift systems, and this resulted into different physicians attending to one patient, and this negatively affected the continuity of patients’ care, leading to the increased complications of in-hospital, cost increase, adverse effects, which are preventable, and delays in diagnostic tests.

A process of performance highlighted, in response to inadequate health care handoffs, is the communication importance through the implementation of handoff communication in a standardized approach, where responding to and asking questions is included. (Riesenberg, et al., 2009)

A study on translating the evidence-based decrease prevention into the clinical practice in the nursing facilities, which are based on lessons and results from the quality improvement collaborative, describes the process of care changes before and after a fall in evidence-based practice, in reduction of improvement quality in nursing facilities. The study is conducted in community nursing homes with the focus on the reduction of falls.

The main risk identified in the study is the frequency of fall that remains a crucial morbidity source for the facility residents nursing, illustrating the challenges encountered in implementation, measurement and design of initiatives for the quality improvement. The risk factors addressed in the study are exercise or physical therapy, environmental hazards, problem solving of post fall, psychotropic drug use, staff education, maintenance of adaptive equipment and hip protector.

The study shows that implementation of reduction for the multiple risk factor reduction tasks are infrequent, while tasks for screening appear modifiable easily in a setting of the real world. The study argues that intervention to inter-disciplinary collaboration improvement needs to be developed. The study on substantial differences between documentation of medical records and self reported practice insist on the requirement for the use of additional data sources, in order to access the processes in, change-in-care, that result from the programs of quality improvement.

The main primary objective of the study is to describe the clinical practice changes resulting from the participation of quality improvement collaborative. In implementing the collaborations, the studies provide personnel on-side and consult teams that are interdisciplinary. Quality improvement collaborative has been used as a method for evidence translation from trials to practice of clinics. The current reports of the study show the statement results for quality improvement collaborative focus on prevention of fall in nursing facilities, and the desire to test, if the fall rates of the facility were different in participating than in non-participating facilities as an exploratory analysis.

The current method of performance used in the study is the change adoption, effectiveness insights and collection of data that help in understanding the evidence-based practices adoption process into routine nursing facilities clinical use. The main goal of participating facilities in the study was to reduce the fall rates of their residents. As a way of implementation, the study shows the need for the development, and study of interventions systems, which promote the complex practices adoption.

According to the study, reduction of risk is inherently complex and requires interaction patterns between the charge physicians and nurses, and between the direct care workers and charge nurses and additional time to engagement in clinical reasoning about benefits and costs. In monitoring the study, ways of identification to engage a wide range of nursing facility staff better, is required in the process of reduction of multiple risk factor, because personnel’s involving multiple levels and not only the senior leadership, will affect the decision to new care practices adoption ultimately. (Cathleen Colón-Emeric, 2006)