The Middle Ages

Introduction

In the Norton Analogy of England literature, the middle age refers to the age between 1170s and 1830s. This is the Romantic Movement which led to the establishment of the English empire. There is no central movement such as the Restoration, the Civil War or the English Reformation. This period consist of several historical approaches which resulted to the England Empire. It is impossible to answer the question, “When did the English Literature begin?” every question attempt to answer this question gives unrealistic answer with many errors.

This is because; it is not clear when English literature began. It is not possible to give realistic time since English Literature was established in a construction of fictional history. The concept changed over time form 1170s to 1830s. In Beowulf, there are no English characters. Authors and scholars had no knowledge concerning poems. Literature of poems was discovered in the nineteenth century. The first poems were written in "Anglo-Saxon". German and Danish scholars claimed this poem before it was discovered to have come from England scholars. This was the oldest poem in English.

Example of Essay about History

The Norman Conquest brought a big change in the English language to such a n extent that native English speakers found it hard to understand and compose an English poem than they found it in Italian, French and Latin. The language and structure were totally different. Literally, the culture of middle Ages in England, that is, 1170s to 1830s was an international construction which was divided by audience and lines of class rather than language. In churches and schools, Latin was used (Abrahams 281). French became the prominent language of worldly European culture after the eleventh century.

In 1356, the Prince of Wales took the king of France prisoners at the battle of the Poitiers. Culturally, Edward was more in common with his noble captives than with the common citizens of England. Additionally, King Arthur was by that time an international figure (Greenblatt 56). Stories concerning King Arthur and his knights came from Celtic tales and poems. They were adapted and expanded in French romances Latin Chronicles even before King Arthur became a hero in English.

Chaucer was familiar with the poetry which had its roots in this Old English period. Chaucer read common romances and tales in Middle English. Most of these romances originated from more complex Italian and French sources. However, Chaucer began writing his literature in 360s and 1370s; he directly turned to Italian and French models. He also opted to classical poets such as Ovid. In the 15^th and 16^th century, English poets considered Chaucer as the father of English literature. They argued that, Chaucer is the person who made English language fit cultivated readers.

Cultures are deliberately put in the plural (Abrahams 425) This is because there is a tendency of referring to Middle Ages as single culture characterized by Great Gothic churches where architecture, liturgy, music and art appear to join in outstanding expressions of united faith. Such a notion overlooks the assortment of medieval culture and technological, economic, religious, political and social changes that took place in this long period.

Orders and Estates samples notions about medieval community and some of the institutions and belonging there. Specific attention is offered to religious guidelines and to the austere ideals, which were hypothetically to regulate the lives of male and female living in religious societies like the Chaucer's Prioress, Friar and Monk that honor those regulations more in the crack than in the compliance and anchorites for instance the Julian of Norwich that lived apart. The laws of Saint Benedict that was written in the sixth century religious society can attend the modern bibliophile as a guide reference to the daily practices and ideals of monastic existence (Abrahams 429). The mutual impact of those principles and current aristocratic principles of chivalry that is evident in the assortment from the rule of and the rule of the Order of Chivalry

Though medieval social theories have little to talk about females, women were sometimes treated dryly as if they established their profession and estate in rebellion beside the divinely intended rule of men. A conspicuous instance is refers to the "Old Woman" from the Rose Romance that Chaucer reinvented as the Wife of Bath. English Benedictine monk Aelfric in the tenth-century offers one of the initial inventions of the theory of threeestates which includes clergy, commoners and noblest that worked harmoniously together. However, the deep-seated bitterness between the lower and upper estates flared up melodramatically in the 1381 Uprising and is exposed by the refrains of the protestors that are cited in collection from the Thomas Walsingham and chronicles of Henry, the attack of John Gower the poet on the protestors in his Vox Clamantis.

All the three estates in the late-medieval sort of parklands satire are revealed as disrupting a mythical social order and selfishly corrupting supposed to have triumph in a previous happier stage. The collections under "Gawain and Arthur" trace how French freelancers in the 20^th and 30^th centuries converted the legendary antiquities of Britain into the chronicles genre, which are now called "romance." The toil of Chrétien de Troyes focuses on the escapades of persons the Round Table knights and how those undertakings intrude upon the offbeat of the chivalry. Such undertaking usually takes the procedure of a mission to achieve the honor or that Sir Thomas Malory usually call "worship." However, in romance the expedition quest is usually entwined, for worse or for better with personal contentment of love for a girl. This means resisting a lady's advances, achieving her love as well as protecting her honor in mare cases like in the Green Knight of Sir Gawainand (Emerson 33).

In the 13^th century, clerics turned the stories of knights’ Arthur specifically Sir Lancelot into vastly long styles of romances that belittled worldly chivalry, love for a women and supported sexual purity and spiritual chivalry. These concerns the "French books", Malory, as his printer and editor William Caxton tells highlights, "abridged into English," and offered them the absolute method from which Arthurian prose has endured in poetry, art, film and prose into contemporary times.

The First campaign was launched in the year 1096, and was the initial in a sequence of holy conflicts that profoundly impacted the culture and ideology of Christians in Europe. Pope Urban II preached the aims and objectives of the crusades ware to unite the warring Christians factions in the mutual goal of redemptive the Holland as from its Moslem monarchs. The account of Robert the abort refers to one of main versions of Urban's talks. The Eliezer bar Nathan Hebrew chronicle gives a poignant account of attack made by certain crusaders on Jewish societies in the Rhineland and the commencements of the harassment of Jews in European latter in middle ages. In the profile of her father, Byzantine emperor Alexius I, the monarch Anna Comnena offers us with another point of view of the frontrunners of the First Crusade that she came across on their road throughout the Constantinople en route of the Holy Land (Mwangi 354).

The captivating of the Jerusalem by the crusaders became the celebration of European freelancers of epic poetry and history as one of the main heroic accomplishments at entire periods. The explanations by the William of Tyre and Arab Ibn Al-Athir who were historians tell us everything that happened afterwards the crusaders ruptured the walls of Jerusalem from paired, but very dissimilar perspectives.

Conclusion

Sir Humphrey Gilbert is remembered as the founder of Newfoundland. He started this movement in 1953 with a hope of establishing new English colony. Unfortunately, scheme did not bear fruits as he expected (Joyce 365). The voyage was too fatal for Sir Humphrey Gilbert and others who supported establishment of an English colony. However, the failure of Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s movement did not call an end to such movements. In fact, George Peckham started his movement in 1584. George Peckham named his new movement as “True Report of the Late Discoveries and Possession Taken in the Right of the Crown of England, of the New-Found Lands, by that Valiant and Worthy Gentleman, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Knight”. He wrote a well-documented book which revealed Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s discoveries. He urged the people to seek for such a settlement that Sir Humphrey Gilbert was looking after.

Additionally, Peckham sought to offer ideological foundation for English colonial efforts. In the first passage, Peckham offers advice to the colonists on how to handle native people. He outlines situations under which violence can arise and how it can be resolved effectively. In the second extract, he justifies how Queen Elizabeth claimed the new world on the basis of the innovation of the Madoc. Madoc is a celebrated Welsh prince. The prince is the legendary king of the twelfth century. The Welsh were conquered by the colonist. However, their curiosity made them the center of the development of the English imperialism. They were the ancient inhabitants of Britain. Therefore, they were very important as far as establishment of precedents was concerned. It was necessary and lawful to traffic and trade with the savages. In fact, it was also acceptable to plant crops in their countries.